The eNotes Blog Shakespeare and Fry and Bly, Oh My! Literary Quotes OnStorms

Shakespeare and Fry and Bly, Oh My! Literary Quotes OnStorms At , we want all of our followers and customers to know we are thinking about you in the wake of Hurricane Sandy and wish everyone a speedy and safe recovery. Hopefully, you have power and can read this but if your battery is running low, I hear there is a Starbucks on Broadway where you can charge up AND whose wifi is still working See To cheer you up, we thought you might enjoy reading some insights from literature and writers about stormy weather. So here ya go. 1.   Blow, winds, and crack your cheeks! rage! blow! You cataracts and hurricanoes, spout Till you have drenched our steeples, drowned the cocks! You sulphurous and thought-executing fires, Vaunt-couriers to oak-cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white head! And thou, all-shaking thunder, Strike flat the thick rotundity o the world! Crack natures molds, all germens spill at once That make ingrateful man! King Lear, Act 3.2  by William Shakespeare 2.   Stephen Fry Here are some obvious things about weather It’s real. You can’t change it by wishing it away. If it’s dark and rainy it really is dark and rainy, you can’t alter it. It might be dark and rainy for two weeks in a row. BUT It will be sunny one day. It isn’t under one’s control as to when the sun comes out but it will. One day. 3.   The Cat in the Hat  by Dr. Seuss 4.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Why the Egyptian, Arabic, Abyssinian, Choctaw? Well, what tongue does the wind talk? What nationality is a storm? What country do rains come from? What color is lightning? Where does thunder go when it dies?†Ã‚  Something Wicked This Way Comes  by Ray Bradbury 5.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Everyone talks about the weather, but no one does anything about it.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€¢Ã‚  Mark Twain 6.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tut, Tut, looks like rain.  Winne-the-Pooh  by  A.A. Milne   7.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A lot of people like snow. I find it to be an unnecessary freezing of water.† ~  Carl Reiner 8.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"After three days men grow weary, of a wench, a guest, and weather rainy.† ~  Benjamin Franklin 9.   In Rainy September by  Robert Bly   In rainy September when leaves grow down to the dark I put my forehead down to the damp seaweed-smelling sand. What can we do but choose? The only way for human beings is to choose. The fern has no choice but to live; for this crime it receives earth water and night. And finally, at Number 10, a word from the coming years  Farmers   Almanac   â€Å"Flurries early, pristine and pearly. Winters come calling! Can we endure so premature a falling? Some may find this trend distressing- others bend to say a blessing over sage and onion dressing.†

Social Media Editorial Calendar How to Organize Yours (Free Template)

Social Media Editorial Calendar How to Organize Yours (Free Template) Social media editorial calendars are important tools for busy teams. They make it possible to plan posts ahead of time, avoid last-minute fire drills to create content, and keep your workflow organized. Without one, youre left scrambling to keep your social posting schedule full. But, you might have some questions: What exactly is a social media editorial calendar? How can I build one (or is there an app I can use instead)? Where can I find some templates to get started with? Well cover all those questions and more in this post. By the time youre done, youll know: How to get started using free templates and basic knowledge of social strategy. How to plan everything from one-off posts to entire campaigns on one calendar. How to organize effective scheduling workflows around your calendar. In short, your team will have one version of truth they can reference for all things social media marketing. Table of Contents What Is a Social Media Editorial Calendar? Three Social Media Calendar Format Examples Who Uses Social Calendars? What Are The Real Benefits? Download Your Free Social Media Editorial Calendar Template What Makes Up a Good Social Media Calendar? Developing a Social Media Content Strategy Figure Out What Content Works For Which Networks Plan Your Social Media Sharing Schedule Plan Your Social Media Content Creation Workflow Use Social Analytics In Use Data to Optimize Your Calendar Three Tips to Keep Your Calendar FullHow to Effectively Organize Your Social Media Editorial Calendar (Free Template) via @ So, What Is A Social Media Editorial Calendar? Heres the definition well work with: Social media editorial calendars are spreadsheets or apps used to schedule social posts in advance. Theyre also used to plan when and which content will be shared, manage campaigns, and track deadlines. That sounds simple enough, right? Lets look at a few different formats you might use: Printed calendars. The old-school approach. These can be helpful for mapping out content themes and making note of upcoming content and events needing social media promotion. You might keep something like this on your desk or pinned to your cubicle wall. Spreadsheets. Shared spreadsheets are flexible and free. However, they dont allow for automation quite as well as dedicated social media calendar apps and scheduling tools. The most efficient solutions. These apps add a level of automation (plus other powerful features) that spreadsheets cant match. Spreadsheets are workable solutions at first  and are a great option when youre starting out. When you need more power and automation, though, a holistic marketing management platform like (which brings social into focus alongside all other projects and campaigns) is the best option.  As we continue in this post, well show you how to use both. Or schedule a demo today. How to Plan an Effective Social Media Editorial Calendar (Free Templates) via @ Three Social Media Calendar Format Examples So, what do these calendars look like in action? Lets take a look at some examples. Printed Calendar Example Spreadsheet Calendar Example Calendar Example Who Can Use a Social Calendar? Anyone creating social content, whether for a business, media company, or a serious blog, should consider using a calendar. Marketing teams: Marketing campaigns often have a lot of moving parts, including social components. Keeping teams organized and making sure everyone involved in a project understands the social promotion schedule is key. Plus, giving all your marketing departments visibility on whats going out, and when, helps everyone know whats going on and when things need to be finished. Small businesses: Staying organized with a calendar makes it much easier to save time and maintain consistency. This is important for small businesses, where resources are limited. Consultants: If youre managing social media marketing for multiple clients, you probably wish you had an extra set of hands. Unfortunately, medical science hasnt made that possible (yet). But, getting each client organized on their own calendar can help immensely (especially when you add automation). Media companies: If youre creating editorial content, itll need social media promotion. Keep it all together on your calendar. Bloggers: If your blog is your business, you dont have time to waste with dysfunctional tools. Make sure every post gets promoted on your calendar. What Are The Real Benefits? Before you invest the time into building out a completed calendar, you probably want to know what the real benefits are. We believe those benefits can be broken down into four areas: Turning chaos into harmony. Managing multiple social media accounts can turn messy fast. That kind of disorganization will kill your efficiency.  It can also diminish the effectiveness of your social media marketing efforts. Knowing what youll say and when youll say it saves time so you can get other important things done. Holding teams accountable. Calendars are great for setting deadlines. Its easy to procrastinate when deadlines are flexible (or nonexistent).  Laying out a clear plan eliminates excuses for not knowing what content to publish on your social channels. Saving time (that you can use to get real work done). No one ever has enough time. However, planning your social media outreach with a calendar lets you make the most of the time you have. Measurably improving your results. This is the benefit that supersedes all other benefits. After all, efficiency without effectiveness really just  means  doing things poorly, quickly. Using a calendar allows you to schedule your messages for optimal times, increasing the odds theyll get seen. 4 reasons to use a social media calendar: Organization. Accountability. Efficiency. Effectiveness.So, that all sounds great. But, you probably want to see some hard data supporting these claims. did too. In the companys early days, Nathan Ellering, our Head of Demand Generation, gathered data on what happened he used a calendar to schedule multiple social posts promoting a single piece of content. Here are the results: 3,150% increase in clicks. Best of all, theres no reason you cant replicate similar success, too. Start By Downloading Your Free Social Media Editorial Calendar Template This template is built to make scheduling social media posts easy. No matter how many networks youre active on, youll be able to keep everything organized, all in one place. Its a free Excel file that can easily be uploaded to Google Sheets (which we recommend if your calendar will be shared with multiple users). Next, let's walk through each section of your template. 1. The Broad And General Calendar You’ll need an overarching calendar to help you focus on topics that matter to your audience. For content marketers, it would be perfect to schedule your broad topic calendar four to six months out. That  gives you the opportunity to plan new content  based  your audience’s reactions. To build your broad and general calendar, start by downloading the social media calendar bundle included in this post. Then, open up the Social Media Calendar Excel file. You’ll find the â€Å"Broad and General Calendar† section at the top of the first tab: Use the Main Theme row to map out your primary content themes for each month. Then, fill in sub-topics for content you’ll want to create and share that support those themes. You can base your general calendar on the model from  traditional magazines. They  typically  offer these sorts of editorial calendars for an entire year to attract advertisers for specific magazine issues. For example, check out this  editorial calendar example from Forbes. 2. The Content Calendar The content calendar provides a lot more detail. This is when you look at your topics and plan  the actual  content types  best suited to tell your specific stories- blog posts,  e-books, videos, webinars, events, and whathaveyou. Let’s look back at the social media calendar you downloaded from this post. Beneath the Broad and General calendar, you’ll find the Content Calendar. This is where you can map out all the content you’ll create (and later share and promote on social media): At this point, you assign the specific dates on which each piece will publish. Typically, you can work two to three months out with this calendar. Recommended Reading:  The Complete 14-Step Content Strategy That Will Boost Your Results By 434% 3. The  Promotion Calendar The promotion  calendar is your  plan to share all of the content you create. This is when you’ll  schedule your social media messages  and plan your emails, newsletters, and other ways you’ll share your content. Using your Social Media Calendar, click into any of the month tabs along the bottom. Here’s what you’ll see: This is where you’ll create and store all your social media promotion content. Here’s what you should put in each field: Content: This is your social media post copy. Image Link: If your post will have an image or video, upload it to a cloud storage service (such as Google Drive or Dropbox). Then, drop a link to the image here. This will give you easy access to your images when you’re ready to create your posts. URL: If a post will include a link, drop it in here. You can then assign the specific dates when you’ll share each of these messages, which usually takes place immediately after you’re done creating the content you’ll share (but you  can  plan this ahead of schedule with the right tools). What Makes Up A Good Social Media Calendar? It seems like a lot of content marketers  create great content, share it when it goes live, and then they  call it good.  They’re all missing out  on their own 3,150% more click-throughs. Instead of taking this minimalist approach, a great social media calendar maximizes exposure of your content on the social networks  your audience uses- without being spammy. As you plan your content, these eight  things can make or break your social media calendar. 1. Understand Why Your Audience Shares Your Content Once you understand the  psychology of why your audience shares, you can create content in ways that are most likely to  connect with them. This will help you plan awesome content from the get-go, and help you interact- socialize- with your audience using social media. A report from  The New York Times  Customer Insight Group found five major reasons why people share content with their networks: 84% share to support a cause. 78% share to  stay connected with those they know. 69% share to feel involved in the world. 68% share to define  themselves. 49% share for entertainment or to provide valuable content to others. The study also found that 73% of the survey takers shared content to understand the information more thoughtfully. As you can imagine, there are a lot of lessons to learn from this knowledge. As you plan your social media calendar, keep this in mind: Help Them Define Themselves Create content about your different  customer types  and help them self-identify. That will help you, and help them connect with your content. Help Them Connect With Others Imagine the possibilities a forum- or even a larger brand ambassador program- could present for your customers to ask each other questions and learn from one another. You could even start as simple as a  Twitter chat. Recommended Reading:  21 Social Media Engagement Tactics That Will Grow Your Audience Value Them- And Let Them Know It If someone sends you a message, leaves you a comment, responds to a tweet- whatever it is- let them know that you valued their contribution.  Listen  and respond. Help Them Believe In Something Again, let your advocates know you appreciate their respect. They’re your rock stars, and almost  nothing is better than social proof. While some of this is more about creating awesome content in the first place,  this is the backbone on which you’ll build your social media calendar.  But without sharing good content in the first place, why would anyone want to interact with you? Build A Simple Social Media Content Strategy No one likes people who talk only about themselves. Nor does anyone want to be around someone only interested in talking about one topic. The same goes for brands. If you're only pushing your own content, you're unlikely to drive much engagement. The same is true if you're only publishing one type of content.  This is why you need a social media content strategy  to ensure you're sending a balanced content mix. If "content strategy" makes you think "large, boring document," then don't worry. This doesn't have to take a lot of time. You just need to define how much of which types of content you're going to share. Here's an example of what your messaging mix  might look like: Figure Out What Content Works For Specific Social  Networks Some content lends itself better for certain social networks. And- assuming you  know your audience- you’re using specific social media to target your customers. Can you share  your same piece of content  on multiple networks? Yes. Just make sure your social media messages follow these best practices to get the most  traffic. Use Twitter To Share Business Tips And Show A  Little Personality Twitter has become content marketers’ best friend recently. That’s because one of the best ways to use Twitter is to share helpful business tips. And after all, that’s exactly what you’re creating in your content, right? Other content types that work well for sharing are news and things going on behind the scenes to share your business’ passion. Twitter Tip:  Share useful business tips that draw your readers in. Buffer found that  sharing images on Twitter increases retweets by 150%. And when we tested GIFs in tweets recently, we increased clickthroughs by another  166.6% more than static image tweets. So definitely try visuals  in your tweets to see if that will make a difference. Track Social also found data to support that  70–100 characters is the ideal length for tweetsto get retweets. Imagine that: Just enough context to know what you’re sharing with enough room for them to add their own individual thoughts. Twitter Tip:  Share visual content on Twitter with a 70–100-character message. Facebook Is For Entertainment Facebook wants your useful and entertaining content- the kind that people can share with their friends and family no matter their background. Industry  blah  content  just doesn’t work on Facebook. Facebook Tip:  Share entertaining content. Think of quizzes that are fun to take or comment on- and then you also get some cool data. Or think of storytelling and how inspirational or emotional stories seem to light up your newsfeed. Facebook posts with less than 100 characters typically perform the best. Combine this with  images and videos, and your posts  will be even more likely to increase your engagement. Here’s a good inspirational example from Ford Motor Company: Welcome to the Driver's Seat Women in Saudi Arabia will soon be free to take the wheel. Welcome to the driver’s seat. Posted by Ford Motor Company on Thursday, March 8, 2018 Facebook Tip:  Share visual content on Facebook with a message less than 100 characters long. Use LinkedIn To Share Your Business And Industry News I’m  not talking cheesy press releases here that are all about you. I’m  talking about valuable information like business case studies, how-to posts- examples of how to grow professionally as a person and business in your niche. Remember that people use social media to define themselves and build relationships? LinkedIn is exactly that for professionals. LinkedIn Tip:  Share content that helps your audience grow professionally. Images on LinkedIn  get 98% more comments  than posts without images. And apparently, video links to YouTube result in a  75% higher share rate. Combine those visuals with shorter messages- questions, demands, or helpful takeaways you personally learned- and you’ll get some interaction with your content. LinkedIn Tip:  Share posts with images and short messages about why your audience should engage with your content. Google+ Combines Personal And Professional Content Google+ is kind of a grab bag between personal and professional. In your private circle, you can share pics of your kids, and in your public circle, you can share your professional content. But there are exciting opportunities with Google+ from a business perspective. Share your helpful content here like you might on LinkedIn. Imagine how-to videos, helpful GIFs to use your product, and other support content. Early research found that Google+ content  is slightly tech-driven, so your straightforward content on doing  something better may be your best bet. Google+ Tip:  Share technical how-to content like videos, GIFs, and blog posts. For Google+ posts, differentiate your content with  longer rich  text snippets. Long-form posts for Google+ help you stand out for your audience- and you’ll capitalize on the network’s natural SEO juice. Pare down your introduction and pick two or three of your big ideas to share. Google+ Tip:  Use rich text to create paragraphs and mark up your text (bold, etc.). Try longer content to see what your audience will appreciate. The Only Way To Use Pinterest Is With Awesome Visuals The only way to use Pinterest really well is to share extremely awesome visual content. Think of small info-images, infographics, comics, custom photography, and memes. Pinterest Tip:  Brainstorm the best ways to connect with your audience visually and explore those media types. Don’t get stuck on one if it’s not working. Pinterest has an audience that’s looking for fun, how-to content that looks†¦ well†¦ awesome. Here’s an example of one our own boards: It’s no secret that Pinterest is dominated by women users too- 80% of their entire user base- so if that’s your target audience, this may be a great platform for you. Some of the best content on Pinterest involves  fashion, recipes, and DIY. Pinterest Tip:  Don’t even try Pinterest unless you have awesome visual content. Plan how you’ll do that before you just jump in. Plan Your Social Media Sharing Schedule In order to make the most out of your calendar, it helps to have a grasp on basic social media marketing mechanics. Know Your Post Frequency Targets There's a lot of discussion around how often you should post on each social network. Here is what we recommend as a starting point: Don't take these numbers as  gospel. If these numbers aren't getting you results, then mix it up. Test until you find out what works best for you. Recommended Reading: How Often to Post on Social Media? Proven Research from 14 Studies. Know The Best Times To Post On Each Network There is some debate about the best times to post on various social media networks. Fortunately, we've crunched the data from tons of different studies, and here's what we found: Plan Your Social Media Content Creation Workflow Now, let's explore how to use the calendar step-by-step. Follow along to plan out an entire social media marketing workflow for your team (or yourself), all based around your calendar. Step 1: Determine What You'll Be Creating Or Sharing Let's begin with a hypothetical social media campaign. Maybe you're promoting: A blog post or article A landing page An event A contest A brand or product, in general Whatever the case may be, knowing what you'll be promoting, creating, or sharing is likely where your process will start. Recommended Reading: How to Generate Better Social Media Campaign Ideas Like a Creative Genius Step 2: Write Your Post Copy As our own Nathan Ellering recently said on our blog: Think of each message as a  call to action: Sell your followers on the value they’ll get if they just click through to read your blog post. Or make them question a current belief with the promise of a better solution to a problem. Or make them feel like they’re missing out on something amazing. In short, words have power. Wield them intentionally to invoke the emotional response you want. Getting this right is key to driving engagement and traffic. So, what are some of the specific types of messaging that you can try out? Questions. Close-ended questions drive more clickthroughs. However, open-ended questions may drive more engagement (since you're asking for a response). Benefits. Hint at what's in it for your audience to click through on your link. FOMO. Otherwise known as "the fear of missing out."  This angle can work well if  you're giving your audience a deadline to act. Stats. Numbers that seem hard-to-believe (but are accurate) can be a great way to stoke interest. Facts. Again, the harder to believe, the better. Controversy. This doesn't mean to be offensive. It means don't be afraid of questioning status quo. If you have a contrary opinion on a topic, put it out there. You just might spark a discussion that changes what folks consider common wisdom (which isn't always wise)Wield your words intentionally to invoke the emotional response that you want.If you don't want to write your posts directly into your spreadsheet, use in a word processor (Word, Google Docs, or anything else you prefer will work). Lay out your document like this: Network: [INSERT NETWORK] Post 1 Copy: [ENTER POST] Post 1 Image: [INSERT IMAGE DIRECTION] Post 1 Link: [INSERT URL] Post 2 Copy: [ENTER POST] Post 2 Image: [INSERT IMAGE DIRECTION] Post 2 Link: [INSERT URL] Continue until you've completed a full campaign's worth of posts. To make sure each post is the best it can be before publishing, run your copy through the  Social Media Optimizer: To use the social message optimizer, start by typing in your post copy: Select  Score My Message, and your score for each social channel will appear. For a more detailed breakdown, scroll along the top bar to switch between channels: Scroll down for more detailed analysis. You'll find tips to improve your post, including recommendations for character counts, hashtags, emotional sentiment, and emojis: You'll also get guidance on the optimal time to post: Best of all, it's totally free. Try it yourself here. Recommended Reading: How to Write for Social Media to Create the Best Posts Step 3: Hand Off Your Campaign for Design Next, hand off your image ideas to your designer. You'll likely need to discuss your ideas with them and get their creative input before they begin design. For the sake of example, let's say this is an image we'll use for our campaign: Now that you've got a graphic, upload them to a folder in a cloud-based storage service of your choice (Google Drive, Dropbox, or any other option). Give the folder a name specific to this campaign: Then, upload your image: Do this for each photo in your campaign. That way, you'll have easy access to all your campaign's assets when you're ready to post them. Recommended Reading: How to Make the Best Social Media Images the Easy Way Step 4: Add All Your Campaign Content Onto Your Calendar Now, you have all the content for your campaign ready. It's time to place it all on the calendar. Start by pasting in your post copy: Then, grab  the URL for the image from your image storage service and paste that in, too. If you're using Google Drive, click the Get Shareable Link button below: Then, paste the link from the popup into your calendar: Next, add your URL: Finally, add in the time for your post: Repeat as necessary until you've entered all your content. Follow this same process for every post you create. Tip: Use the text wrap settings in Google Sheets or Excel to control how content fills each cell in your calendar: Alternately, you can do this all in , too.  First, go to your calendar, click the  + icon and select  Social Message: Select the social channel you want to post to and compose your message: Schedule your post using either Best Time Scheduling, or manually schedule your time: Step 5: Measure Your Results Once you start using your calendar, you'll want to see results, right? One way to do that is to measure referral traffic to your blog or website using Google Analytics. On the first tab of the calendar template included in this post, you'll see this link to a Custom Report template for Google Analytics: Copy and paste this URL into your browser. Next, you'll see a screen that looks like this: Under Select A View, choose which site associated with a Google Analytics account you'd like to use. Then, you'll see your free social media traffic dashboard: Next, copy the link to your new Google Analytics dashboard, and paste it over the original link to the template: Now, you have quick access to your social media performance, direct from your calendar. Recommended Reading: How to Use Social Media Analytics to Create the Best Content Or, Use Social Analytics in To automate your social media measurement, consider using Social Analytics in . You can track engagement rates, post-level performance metrics, compare campaigns side-by-side, and more (with exportable reports, too): Use That Data to Optimize Your Calendar When it comes to art and design, taste is often subjective. Data, however, isn't (although your interpretation of it might be). The key to getting the best results from your social media content is to bring the head (data) and heart (visual and verbal creative) together.  This means testing, tweaking, and adjusting to get the best results.

Macro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Macro - Essay Example Normally the PPF does not shift inward. Theoretically PPF can shift inward if there is a decline in the factor endowment or a decline in technology or both. But in reality it is possible in the abnormal situations such as disaster or war when the endowment declines. The above statement can be explained by using an example. We consider a country having two sector agriculture and industry. Here we consider that the maximum of the industries are small scale and cottage industries. If the country engages itself in free trade then it would certainly be an exporter of agricultural product. The producers of agricultural product would enjoy better price in the global market. On the other hand the foreign industries are more cost efficient so they can supply industrial products at a lower price. The consumers of the domestic economy would be benefitted and the income of the country would also rise. But the small scale and the cottage industries would face foreign competition. That would hamper the interest of the owners of such industries. Hence the economy would face welfare gain while the owners of industry would be worse off. Absolute Advantage: Let us consider that in country i the amount of labor required to produce 1 unit of j is given as Lij. For all i=A,B and j=X,Y. Now if we find LAX LBY we can say that country A enjoys absolute advantage in production of X and B in Y. If the countries are subject to perfect competition, full employment and perfect mobility of factors within the domestic boundary A should specialize completely in production of X and Bin Y. Free trade would be mutually beneficial. Comparative Advantage: Theory of comparative advantage emerged to answer the question â€Å"If one of the two countries enjoys absolute advantage over the other in both lies of production should there be any chance of mutually

Consturction Law (Report) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consturction Law (Report) - Essay Example 1.3 This law stands out from the other laws because it is sensitive. In construction and contract laws, claims and counter claims are the way that the employer and the contractor understand one another. Claim that is assertion for more funds towards a project, due to extension time for completion is under application by contractual arbitrators in engineering and construction law. This is a sensitive law because it has unforeseen shortcomings which have to be prepared for in advance. In order to understand the importance of this law one has to understand the principles involved in contract and construction law. 1.4 This law causes conflicts, however, the construction industry believes in solving disputes in a medical approach. This approach involves identifying the problem in the first place, then dealing with the problem. Every construction worker knows it is their personal obligation to keep everyone happy by opening up about any conflicts. 2.1This report is necessary to help the sub-contractors to Mekeng Company avert any further accidents that could lead to loss of human life. Interrelation between the contractors, sub-contractors and the employer is important in creating a good working environment. After the investigation into the scaffolding accident, the findings prove that more employees are less equipped to deal with heights and there is danger of another accident happening unless something is under change. 2.2 Although the employer is at fault, the ignorance of the employee is also to blame in trying to deal with an area n he was not an expert. The center for occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) requires that before the employer sends the employee off to work, they have adequate training to deal with the hazards in their line of duty. It is also OSHA’s principle that certain risky jobs are for those certified and specially qualified

Native American Feminism Essay Example for Free

Native American Feminism Essay â€Å"You cannot solve a problem from the same consciousness that created it. You must learn to see the world anew.† –Albert Einstein When approaching poverty as a global initiative rather than a feminine concern, most feminist lenses often lack the focus and compulsiveness that finding efficient solutions require. This paper will discuss the views of various groups of women; American Indian, Third-World, Indigenous, Muslim, Native Feminist, African American, and Western, through the perspective of various lens but more specifically; western and indigenous. By looking through two generally opposing lenses and examining the multidimensional aspects of poverty through feminism, we can generate a more precise and focused ideal of resolving the issue rather than taking it as a global initiative and generalizing it. Poverty is subjective and cannot be defined in terms of binaries or simple standards. Feminism as a catalyst to reducing poverty is vital to its success. Poverty is a very dynamic and multi-dimensional phenomenon that cannot be studied in way of vagueness and objectivity. Men’s poverty is different than women’s poverty as is children’s poverty different from both. To approach all aspects of poverty in one nebulous way would lead to a likewise superficial solution lacking depth and the focus needed to make truly beneficial changes. Poverty cannot be faced as a global initiative because not nearly enough attention and importance will be placed on the women in these societies. This is the problem with essentialism. Essentialism is the view that for any specific entity there is a set of attributes of which are necessary to vital to its identity and function. Strategic essentialism is using one characteristic to categorize as a whole in order to â€Å"essentialize† themselves and reach a certain defined goal. Feminism cannot be essentialized because it is too complex of an idea. There is not just one problem that feminism has to fix, but instead a multitude of different levels and types of issued that must be considered. Since f eminism is so multi-faceted, it cannot be considered with a multiculturalist approach either. Multiculturalism, which is usually efficient on smaller scales, attempts to imagine a world that can â€Å"encompass different identities and ways of being in a manner that respects and values all† (Bhattacharyya, 2008). However, on a larger scale, multiculturalism does not produce reliable claims since the factors being included are often  too complex and diverse. Women are often separately discriminated in their societies. It should not be trusted that proposed initiatives of lowering poverty actually give proper and equal attention to both men and women. According to economist, Stiglitz, â€Å"power gets power.† In history, it is popularly noted that the groups with control in societies were the ones who had all big decisions made in favor of themselves because they were the ones making the decisions. They were the only ones who were even given the option to have a voice. Throughout essentially all of history, men have been the one in power, and therefore the decision makers in which societies base them off of. With men in power, men become prosperous. The people in power have the responsibility of developing a society to become what they want it to be. What is given great importance is c arried out through most decisions. Not only are feminist movements often considered global movements, but these global feminist movements are more subject to western ideas. â€Å"With the increasing privatization and corporation of public life, it has become much harder to discern such a women’s movement from the United States (although women’s movements are thriving around the world), and my site of access and struggle has increasingly come to be the U.S. academy (Mohanty, 2008).† The separation between feminist and western is increasingly being blurred, with many western ideas seeping through the cracks of femininity. Many feminist movements attempt to form solutions to poverty and female discrimination in third-world nations through the ideas of western, developed and powerful theorists. When solutions are formed across borders, the true reality and needs of the â€Å"victims† are not usually considered. Feminist scholar, Chandra Mohanty, discusses the â€Å"assumption of women as an already constituted, coherent group with identical interests and desires, regardless of class, ethnic, or racial location, or contradictions , implies a notion of gender or sexual difference or even patriarchy that can be applied universally and cross-culturally.† Although in this context Mohanty is referring to the separation of analyzing men and women, this same idea should be applied to the separation of analyzing women of different backgrounds and cultures as well. Women are often lumped together into large and vague categories which presents a lack of division and consideration for the diversity apparent in the women species. This ongoing insensitivity to differences causes a dividing wall in womanhood;  often applied to class and culture. Third-world women encounter even less consideration than â€Å"western women usually do† (Mohanty, 2008). In most of western women’s writings, the numerous divisions of women are not addressed. At the end of Mohanty’s writing, she concludes that the only advantage that western women have over â€Å"third-world† women is that they live in more developed societies with stronger economies. However, socially, they suffer the same gender issues and disadvantages that correlate w ith being female. There are binary stereotypes that are common in feminist studies today. The â€Å"third world woman† and the â€Å"western woman† are approached in very different ways. The third world woman being â€Å"ignorant, poor, uneducated, tradition-bound, domestic, family-oriented, victimized (Mohanty, 2008),† versus the â€Å"self-representation of Western women as educated, as modern, as having control over their own bodies and sexualities and the freedom to make their own decisions.† These stereotypes are extremely dangerous when approaching poverty. Many third-world women feel a strong innate loyalty to the culture in which they are native to. Their culture and traditions is so deeply transcribed within them that when approached with the ideas of feminism, they often reject them. For example, a popular assumption made by many Native communities is that indigenous women should defend their own â€Å"tribal nationalism† which has been known to ignore the sexism and mistreatment that women in these tribes often encounter and deal with to achieve â€Å"liberation from colonization,† (Ramirez, 2007). It is seemingly more important to these women that they prevent colonization rather than achieve social prosperity. This correlation between â€Å"feminism† and betraying one’s tribal â€Å"sovereignty† is a very dangerous connection. The possible guilt that a tribe may provoke when a woman supports feminism is very unfortunate. However, disregarding feminism just because it is not commonly practiced is even more damaging. â€Å"Indigenous women in the United States die from domestic violence at twice the rate of other women† (Ramirez, 2007). These high rates of female domestic violence are popular within many Native American tribes. What women in these tribes are afraid of is that feminist reforms are based off of western principles. The key to finding a solution is placing a clear separation between western and feminist. Feminism should be a revolution amongst women, where each separate culture and sector of womanhood’s problems should be consider ed  individually. There are too many issues to believe that one solution will be sufficient for all problems. Women in western societies must consciously accept the idea that feminism is not a movement where western women are helping or â€Å"saving† third-world women, but instead a movement where women of all backgrounds face their own cultural obstacles where they exist. Native American feminist consciousness should be illuminated as an important goal to be reached in the indigenous communities to combat sexism instead of treating it as a â€Å"white construct,† (Ramirez, 2007). A woman being categorized as the â€Å"other† is a common reoccurrence throughout many feminist writings. The constant separation of men and women throughout history leads to the necessity of separate solutions for poverty as well. Women have been inferior in many contexts and on many levels. Chandra Mohanty gives specific order to the inferiority applied to much feminist research by challenging the ways in which women have been previously and commonly put down which includes; Women as victims of male violence, Women as universal dependents, Married women as victims of the colonial process, Women and familial systems, Women and religious ideologies, and Women and the Development Process. According to Mohanty, these six structures of inferiority have justified fe male discrimination throughout many sectors of history. Violence against women is a popular epidemic that has created huge problems within cultures and has even led to death. It is one of many ways in which men reiterate their superiority over women. Women’s reliance on men has created an â€Å"identifiable group† in which they have all can relate. This characteristic of womanhood is dangerous because no successful and powerful categorization of people should be separated because of their dependency. To move past this inferior dependency, women must work to make it an idea of the past and demand their own independent feats. Another way in which women are treated as subordinate, is in cultures where colonization has negatively influenced the process of marriage. For example, in the Bemba culture, men work for years for a family in exchange for food and eventual rights over the daughter of the family he has been working for. To trade the â€Å"rights† of a woman for household duties and chores is so beyond any traditional concept that may be practices. Not only are women often traded in cultures, but regardless of the way in which they become part of a family, they often assume the role of the â€Å"caregiver. † Women are often  sexual objects inherently used for reproduction and within a system of patriarchy. These are just some ways in which women have been continually put down and inferior to men through societal norms. The â€Å"Third World woman† is an idea that Chandra Mohanty introduces in her article; Under Western Eyes; Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses; which analyzes â€Å"sexual difference† in the form of a global, singular, uniform notion of male superiority leading to the production of an equally undermining and homogeneous â€Å"Third World woman† categorization. The problems that are associated with poverty cannot be assigned and divided in terms of geographical existence. This assumption would lead to a categorization of all people from a certain area to then face the same obstacles. For example, it cannot be assumed that the men and women of Canada share the same struggles. The social constructs that are present in Canada can and should be approached from multiple viewpoints in order to appropriately capture their true depth. In Nothing’s Shocking: Black Canada, Katherine McKittrick goes into depth on the reality of living in â€Å"Black Canada.† While reading about such a specific yet complicated and complex unit of society (the distinction of African American individuals living in Canada versus Caucasian individuals living in Canada), there is a vast amount of dimension that must be considered. In her article, McKittrick refers to African American people in Canada as â€Å"surprises,† as if it is unimaginable and unexpected for them to be there. In general, African American people in Canada were treated as subordinate and geographically excluded. Furthermore, when considering more specifically the ideas associated with an African American woman in Canada, even more norms are introduced. For example, consider the story of Marie-Joseph Angelique, a Portuguese-born slave who was accused of burning down the city of Montreal. The story goes that following years of suppression in Canada, Marie-Joseph Angelique rebelled against her â€Å"mistress† and in an attempt to escape from slavery, set a fire to distract her while Angelique ran away. However, instead of simply burning down the house of her mistress, the fire unexpectedly spread throughout the city, burning down a hospital and many homes. Through torture and brute force, Angelique was pushed into confessing to the being the perpetrator of the fire, although the truthfulness in this story is tentative. Angelique’s story, truthful or not, does however bring  truthfulness to core source that was in question, which was the presence of slavery in Canada. By looking at the past struggles of one woman, Angelique, we can encounter conclusions for other aspects of history, such as slavery in Canada. Women are often oppressed in third world nations; facing everyday threats of rape, discrimination, and constant struggles for equality. Theyâ€℠¢re treated as the minority; in which they’re special interests go unacknowledged and ignored. Referred to as the margin, they are the â€Å"edge or border of a surface, the ignored or unimportant sections of a group, the blank border on each side of a page, adjacent to or in opposition to the center† (McKittrick, 2006). In this application, women will always be the â€Å"other† (Mohanty, 2008). To approach any issue that affects femininity with a global solution is a clearly ineffective and lazy tactic. Although women’s issues are indeed everyone’s issues, this does not lead to the idea that they must be tackled as a global problem. These mistreatments are not only apparent in social structures, as mentioned previously through the categorizations of Chandra Mohanty, but also physically in their cultures. There are more than 1 billion people in the world today living in poverty, a big majority of those people being women. Unimaginable working conditions and societal inequities often lead to lower standards of living in many developing countries. Rooting from many causes, poverty is usually linked to poor structural foundations within countries including laws, regulations and standards that ensure liberty and equality. Poverty is a multidimensional problem that usually grows from both national and international spheres. â€Å"Women and girls are still 70 percent of the world’s poor and the majority of the world’s refugees. Girls and women compromise almost 80 percent of displaced persons of the Third World/South Africa, Asia and Latin America. Women own less than one-hundredth of the world’s property, while they are the hardest hit by the effects of war, domestic violence, and religious persecution† (Mohanty, 2008). The inequality that is so evidently clear through statistics and informative findings points strongly to the inferiority of women. Owning one hundredth of the world’s property, it is apparent that women are not receiving the same opportunities as men. Agriculture as a form of production has gone from 97% to 3% in the past century. However, land use in the form of agriculture and profit are very important in areas of the world that are not yet  develo ped. Women may work on these fields, but receiving the benefits from them often go to the men that own them. Mohanty reflects the views of western feminists on the third world woman as consistently being a â€Å"homogeneous powerless group often located as implicit victims of particular economic systems. Third world women are always the â€Å"victims† who need â€Å"western saving,† Women living in poverty are already restricted by this stereotype of helplessness. In Mohanty’s article Under Western Eyes; Feminist Scholarshop and Colonial Discorses, she closely examines the lives of women in â€Å"developing† countries. Mohanty introduces scholars such as Irene Tinker, Michelle Bo Bramsen, Ester Boserup, and Perdita Huston who all write about the effects of developmental policies on women in the Third World, assuming that â€Å"development is synonymous with economic development or economic progress.† Economic development involves the concern and actions of policy makers and communities in order to improve the standard of living and economic prosperity of a population. Usually involving higher wages, literacy and health, economic development in many cases does not focus in on the sexism that is usually evident in these developing nations. When Mohanty goes on to present the case of â€Å"Mince’s patriarchal family, Hosken’s male sexual control, and Cutrufelli’s Western colonization,† development seems to become the all-time equalizer. Women can either be affected positively or negatively by economic development policy which becomes the basis for cross-cultural comparison. Economic development often focus on the growth of men in these political and economic sectors which leads to even more inequality in these developing countries. If economic growth were to focus more on raising equality in these countries, then women would likewise benefit as well. However, this is seldom done naturally and must be given a particular amount of importance and attention. â€Å"Practices that characterize women’s status and roles vary according to class.† The state of women in these developing countries cannot be approached in a singular way and absolutely must be separated from the developmental issues of men. The â€Å"feminization of poverty† is an idea introduced by Mohanty that shows a positive correlation between the level of poverty between women of color and white working-class women in the United States. Men and women have always been segregated; society’s value of their labor being one of the most evident forms of discrimination, current in even our society today. The  existence of a sexual division of labor is often taken as â€Å"proof of the oppression† in various societies (Mohanty, 1988). Women who encounter similar situations cannot be treated as identical. For example, the rise of female-headed households has held various different meanings in cultures, specifically middle-class American and Latin American. In middle-class America, the rise of female-headed households often represents feminine progression, a symbol for greater independence and a woman’s â€Å"choice† to be a single parent (Mohanty, 1988). However on the other side, the same increase in female-headed households lending women more say in decision-making is concentrated in poorer areas, where there choices are constrained economically regardless. Discrimination between genders norms in the workforce leads to their division of labor. The sexual division of expectations in labor indicates a depreciation of women’s work and must be considered separately through each society and cultures own local contexts. When nations experience a big gap between genders, other nations are often led to the belief that they need â€Å"saving.† This assumption often leads to individuals from developing nations claiming themselves as self-righteous, then intruding on other â€Å"less† fortunate nations and validating it as a form of â€Å"saving.† When these nations intervene on others, they often lack an understanding of societal differences. Accepting and acknowledging differences, is the key to progressing. However, it is important to specify that acceptance does not necessarily lead to everyone being â€Å"cultural relativists,†(Abu-Lughod, 2002), but to take this idea and apply it in moderation. Intricacy and meticulousness is necessary in a world as interconnected as ours when recognizing and respecting differences. There should be no dividing line between nations, religions, or cultures in our world. The existence of western and third-world differences should not be the greatest factor that leads to separating people, and it is also important to acknowledge the fact that these are not just two bin aries that all people must fit into. A separation of differences should only be approached when studying the visions of â€Å"justice and the value of life,† (Bhattacharyya, 2008). These differences are usually in response to different histories and different circumstances that lead to the different social cultural norms in communities. While progressing towards justice for all women, we must first accept that that is not a universal idea but  instead may vary from woman to woman. There is a range of optimal envisions that different women might want or choose. Third world feminists are often criticized as â€Å"social critics† (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Entrenched in their own culture, third world feminists do not only identify themselves strongly with their culture, but also make a clear separation between their idea of feminism versus feminism for other activists and cultures. Third world resentment toward feminism in the context of western thinkers makes it very difficult to progress. The prime solution to approaching feminism would be to develop a mutually respectful appreciation of differences between different the different apparent ideas. However, our world is so diverse and complex that it is very difficult to find a solution that fits within all of the parameters that would satisfy all concerns. Women of all cultures should be aware of the need for global feminist movements while remaining within the strictures set by their own culture (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Resentment and difference leads to a complication of using a transnational language when approaching feminism, because it will always lack proper consideration of certain local struggles. One popular way to approach feminism is through an Indigenous methodical lens. As mentioned previously, Native American women have faced notable higher levels of mistreatment, inequality and discrimination throughout all of their recorded history. Even in current Native American communities, notions of sexism are still popularly practiced. There are many writings on feminism by Native women however these pieces often are claimed to be in conflict with the specific politics of sovereignty and self-determination that many Native Americans practice. Native writings often present critiques of feminism, relating it heavily to white and middle-class concepts. Other than those who are â€Å"assimilated,† Native American activists do not consider themselves feminist (Smith, 2008). Feminism is categorized as an â€Å"imperial project† that assumes a western colonial command over indigenous nations. This categorization results in a see-saw effect between supporting sovereignty an d rejecting feminism. When supporting sovereignty, Native activists find they must reject feminist politics. On the other side, scholars and activists who attempt to theorize feminism for native women activists often oversimplify the apparent issues with feminism, sexism  in societies (both native communities and other non-native communities), and the importance of teaming up all together to solve these problems. Due to the previously mentioned opposing concepts, it is extremely difficult to articulate a movement that instantaneously decreases sexism while promoting indigenous sovereignty. The progression of women’s rights has increasingly become a central goal of developmental movements, economically and socially. With a rise in feminist perspective and consideration, places that do not follow these changes in approach are often criticized. Women’s participation in societal life has become a measure of societal development. The problem of binaries in our societies is an extremely important factor in understanding political movements, discrimination and extreme activism. For example, in many Islamic cultures, there have been uneven attempts in examining developments. Solutions often represent those of which come from radical or inconsiderate theorists. Recently, however, these visions have been amended and changed to more thoroughly examine the contemporary Islamic problems regarding the superiority of masculinity (Bhattacharyya, 2008). The sexist issues apparent in many third-world nations are often criticized by western activists, although these accusations are very hypocritical. Many feminist writings and studies are the products of western writers. Since the majority of feminist writings are from the western perspective, feminism has had a likewise western connotation. Western thinkers are commonly obsessed with the concept of â€Å"sex,† (Bhattacharyya, 2008). The presence of â€Å"sexual conflict† within nations often leads to a western defense of sexuality. Sexuality is enacted as a symbol of western ideas that must be defended, as every woman should have the right to her own practiced sexuality. Western thinkers popularly be lieve that â€Å"their† problems regarding sexism are not nearly as horrible as other nation’s problems, so they believe it is their own responsibility to help or â€Å"save† others. However, western solutions are not global solutions and cannot be transcribed onto other cultures. Western separation and self-proclaimed superiority leads to a separation of â€Å"us† versus â€Å"them.† In terms of sexuality, western thinkers are often portrayed as more provocative. Westerners often accuse â€Å"others† of hating their freedoms- of which â€Å"to love and touch and leave and experiment† with their freedom to â€Å"move and love freely,† (Bhattacharyya, 2008). These self-proclamations are inaccurate  being that women in the western world still face many issues routing from their sex. This false representation of equal opportunity combined with democracy as a purification of western concepts is tried at being defended at all costs. Westerners often claim their ideas as completely fair and righteous, in comparison with other â€Å"less fortunate† countries. Although western ideas are the most common in feminist writings, they cannot be the only ones involved in discussions about foreign policy because that would lead to a misrepresentation of feminism (Bhattacharyya, 2008). Poverty is a global problem that affects individuals from all geographies and cultures. Representing different ideas to different people, poverty does not have a multiculturalist definition. As a factor to measuring poverty, feminine equality varies from culture to culture. Western feminist ideas are popular within feminist studies because they are the source of many current and historical feminist writings. However when approaching global problems such as poverty, multiple culture’s views must be considered when trying to find efficient solutions. By evaluating the views of women from numerous backgrounds, we can further develop resolutions that will bring a greater amount of happiness to a greater amount of people. Bibliography Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses Chandra Talpade Mohanty. Feminist Review , No. 30 (Autumn, 1988), pp.61-88 †Under Western Eyes† Revisited: Feminist Solidarity through Anticapitalist Struggles Chandra Talpade Mohanty Signs , Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 2003), pp. 499-535 McKittrick, Katherine. â€Å"Introduction, The Last They Thought of: Black Women’s Geographies, Nothing;s Shocking: Black Canada† . Ramriz, Renya K. Race, Tribal Nation, and Gender: A Native Feminist Approach to Belonging. Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism, Vol. 7. No. 2. 2007. Pp. 22-40. Abu-Lughod. †Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.† American Anthropologistv. 104 no. 3 (2002): 783-790. Smith, Andrea, and J. Khaulani Kauanui. â€Å"Native Feminisms Engage American Studies.† American Quarterly, 2008: 241-249. Bhattacharyya, Gargi. â€Å"Introduction Chapter 1.† Dangerous Brown Men: Exploiting Sex, Violence and Feminism in the War on Terror. London: Zed, 2008. N. pp 1-45.

Characters in Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens Essay -- Great Exp

Characters in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens Dickens has many ways of making his characters both striking and memorable, he uses the dialogue and blends it with the setting and social background as illustrated by ‘torn by briars; who limped’. Dickens is very descriptive; this also helps making the character real. Dickens creates a creepy mood when we are told about the graveyard in which we meet Magwitch as shown by ‘as if he were eluding the hands of dead people’. He uses the graveyard and the gibbet in the distance to help create this mood which adds to the edgy atmosphere. The tone of this extract is dramatic and intimidating; Dickens achieves this by using short, but descriptive sentences. Dickens makes us feel sorry for Magwitch because of the way he speaks, ‘wittles’ and ‘pecoolier’ are examples of this. As Magwitch talks to Pip, we, as the reader notice that Magwitch talks to Pip as a child and uses language that would only scare a child : ‘you little devil, or I’ll cut your throat!’. When pip meets Miss Havisham, Dickens makes it seem like it is a nice, rich room, however we soon find out it is a dull, lifeless room that hasn’t seen light in years : ‘. Dickens uses long, descriptive sentences here to introduce the setting and mood of the room. Dickens slowly gives us information bit by bit so we build a picture of what is going on. He slowly reveals that Miss Havisham has been jilted at the alter. Wemmick’s home reflects his personality in the way that he likes to be secure and safe. Wemmick is one of the most memorable of Dickens’s characters, as he is slightly out of the ordinary and has his own way of doing things. Wemmick keeps his work and his home life very separate, this is... ...rrible places to be; they carried lots of diseases and were extremely unhygienic. Miss Havisham is from an upper class background. She is very wealthy, however remains unmarried. Marriage for women in those days was more important than it is today because it used to be the men making all the money while the women looked after the house; however Miss Havisham has plenty of money so her problem is that she is lonely. Wemmick is in the working class and works in the prison as a clerk, the conditions of prisons in those days was very bad, which may be the reason why he keeps his home life and work life completely separate. Dickens achieves making his characters both striking and memorable by describing them in heavy detail, but not making it boring by having too much. In my opinion Wemmick is the most memorable character as I could imagine him being real.

Necessity Of Optical Amplifiers Computer Science Essay

Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) are a engineering for future heavy wavelength-division-multiplexing ( DWDM ) multiterabit systems. HFAs are designed in order to maximise the transmittal length and to minimise the damages of fibre nonlinearities, and to heighten the bandwidth of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) . This undertaking simulates and evaluates the public presentation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers in optical transmittal systems utilizing Optisystem package. Since the public presentation of the amplifier is influenced by the parametric quantity of Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure, the job brush in this undertaking is to happen the best design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers. Optisystem package is used as the simulation tools for the whole undertaking. Optisystem package is based on realistic mold of fiber ocular communications systems and serves a broad scope of applications, therefore it is an ideal simulation tools for this undertaking.AimsThe aims of the undertaking are: to plan intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers utilizing Optisystem package. to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance in optical transmittal system utilizing the intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. to measure the public presentation of the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers based on the amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , Noise Figure, and etc. to analyse the fake informations obtained from Optisystem package.Problem StatementOptical amplifiers have become a necessary constituent in long-haul fibre ocular systems due to the demand for longer transmittal lengths. The effects of scattering and fading can be minimized in long-haul optical systems due to the innovation of Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) , and Raman optical amplifiers. One of the defects of EDFAs is their non flat-gain features across a given optical spectrum. In peculiar, the addition degree is well less at the terminal of the L-band between about 1600 nanometer and 1620 nanometer. Fortunately, the addition degree of such amplifiers can be rendered well level across the L-band window by the usage of addition flattening filters which are optically coupled between the spirals of Er doped fibre. However, the usage of such filters consequences in a higher noise figure in the channels holding wavelengths in the 1600-1620 nanometer scope. The well higher noise figure in the 1600-1620 nanometer scope lowers the useable bandwidth available from such EDFA amplifiers. Raman amplifiers similarly have non-flat addition features. A typical Raman addition degree curve has minimal additions at about 1570 nanometer, 1595 nanometer, and 1620 nanometer, and upper limits at 1585 nanometer and 1610 nanometer. A addition flattening filter can be applied to cut down this fluctuation but will merely be optimized at a individual operating addition value. Additionally, there is the desire to minimise the figure of addition blandishing filters in the system and the loss they incur. Clearly, there is a demand to cut down the maximal Noise Figure in EDFA addition, every bit good as to further flatten the addition curve in Raman-type amplifiers in order to cut down signal losingss throughout the web. The innovation is a intercrossed optical signal amplifier that reduces the maximal Noise Figure of an EDFA while flattening the addition of a Raman amplifier without compromising optical maser pump efficiency. Therefore, this undertaking simulates and evaluates the public presentation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) in optical transmittal systems to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers.ScopeThis undertaking will concentrate chiefly on the simulation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) utilizing Optisystem package. The public presentation of the amplifier will be evaluated depend on amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure obtained from the simulation of a individual manner fibre transmittal nexus. The fiction or development of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) will non be covered in this undertaking.Undertaking OutcomesIt is expected that at the terminal of the undertaking, a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance ut ilizing the intercrossed amplifiers can be obtained.MethodologyThis undertaking starts with the searching of beginning and information respect loanblend Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) . The beginning and information are acquired from diary, mention books, e-Books, magazine and cyberspace. The circuit conventional diagram of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) is determined from the diary and simulate utilizing Optisystem package. All the parametric quantity likes amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) , and Noise Figure that determines the public presentation of the HFAs is analyzed. The simulation procedure is repeated until the design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers can be obtained.Thesis StructureChapter 1: The first chapter provides a general inspiration for the undertaking. It includes the overview of undertaki ng ; the aims of undertaking, job statement, range of the undertaking and undertaking results. Chapter 2: Undertaking ‘s background is illustrated in this chapter. By and large, this chapter summaries the literature reappraisal that have been studied. The construct and theory of the circuit conventional diagram of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) that is used for simulation will be explained in this chapter. Chapter 3: The 3rd chapter is discussed about the methodological analysis of the undertaking. The method, stuffs and processs used to carry on the undertaking in accomplishing the aims of the undertaking is explained in inside informations. Chapter 4: The chapter four will show all the simulation consequence from the Optisystem package. All the graphs and tabular arraies obtained from the simulation will be discussed in inside informations. Chapter 5: The last chapter will reason all the findings and consequences obtained throughout the undertaking. The consequences will be evaluated based on the findings and the aims of the undertaking. Recommendations for future surveies besides will be included in this chapter.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Optical AmplifiersOptical amplifiers have become a necessary constituent in long-haul fibre ocular systems due to the demand for longer transmittal lengths. The effects of scattering and fading can be minimized in long-haul optical systems due to the innovation of Semiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( EDFAs ) , and Raman optical amplifiers. Optical Amplifier has three applications: Supporter In-line Pre-Amplifier The transmittal side of the nexus is operated by a supporter amplifier, having a high input power, medium optical addition, and high end product power. The supporters are designed to magnify aggregative optical input power to make extension. The center of an optical nexus is operated by an inline amplifier. It acts as a medium to moo input power, high end product power, high optical addition, and a low Noise Figure. It is designed for optical elaboration on the chief optical nexus between two web nodes. The having terminal of an optical nexus is operated by a pre-amplifier. It functions as a medium to moo input power, medium end product power, and medium addition. Pre-amplifiers are besides designed for optical elaboration to counterbalance for the losingss in a demultiplexer located near the optical receiving system.2.1.1 Semiconductor Optical AmplifiersSemiconductor optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) really are laser rectifying tubes, with fibre attached to both terminals and do non hold terminal mirrors. The optical signal can comes from either side of the fibre, amplified by the semiconducting material optical amplifiers ( SOAs ) , and the signal comes out from the 2nd fibre. They are typically made in little bundle, and work for 1310 nanometer and 1550nm systems. Besides, the decreased size of the SOAs makes it an advantage over regenerators of EDFAs by conveying bidirectional. However, the disadvantage of SOAs includes polarisation dependance, high-coupling loss, and a higher noise f igure. Figure 1 demonstrates the rudimentss of a semiconducting material optical amplifier. [ 1 ] Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Figure 2.1: Semiconductor Optical Amplifier [ 1 ]2.1.2 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA )Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( EDFA ) is an optical amplifier that uses an optical fibre as a addition medium to magnify an optical signal. Rare-earth component Er ions Er3+ dope the nucleus of the optical fibre. There are three possible results for the signal photon, if a optical maser signal with a wavelength between 1520 and 1570 nanometer, and a 974 pump optical maser are fed into an erbium-doped fibre at the same time, as shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: Simplified energy degree of Er3+ ions in Erbium-doped fiber [ 2 ] stimulated soaking up: signal photon excites an erbium ion from the province E1 to a higher degree E2 and go annihilated in the procedure stimulated emanation: signal photon stimulates an Er ion at province E2 to disintegrate to E1, bring forthing another indistinguishable photon. Thus the signal is amplified. signal photon can propagate unaffected through the fibre. In the mean while, self-generated emanation ever occurs between degree E2 and degree E1. The population inversion os achieved between the energy degree E2 and E1 of erbium-doped fibre when pump optical maser power is high plenty. Thus, the input laser signal passing through the fibre is so amplified. The erbium-doped fibre and pump optical maser can be used to build an optical amplifier, viz. erbium-doped fibre amplifier ( EDFA ) .Pump optical maser could besides magnify the self-generated emanation. Therefore, ASE is ever present in EDFA, and it ‘s the chief beginning of noise in these amplifiers. [ 2 ] Advantages of EDFA are as follows: It provides high power transportation efficiency from pump to signal power. Large addition. It is polarization-insensitive. High end product power. No matching loss to the transmittal fibre. A individual EDFA can supply addition for multiple wavelengths at the same time. The disadvantages of EDFA are Derive holding wavelength dependence. The difference addition will be obtained when usage with wavelength division multiplexing. Particular fibre design. Presence of amplified self-generated emanation ( ASE ) . [ 3 ]2.1.3 Raman Optical AmplifierThe Raman optical amplifier consists of a length of addition fibre combine with a pump assembly. The pump assembly contains a brace of pump optical maser rectifying tubes. The end product of a brace of orthogonally polarized pump-diode optical masers offers backward-propagating pump power in the transmittal fibre. Due to the higher-energy ( shorter wavelength ) pump photons scatter off the quiver manners of the optical fibre ‘s lattice matrix and coherently add to lower-energy ( longer wavelength ) signal photons, forward-propagating signals achieve addition in the fibre. There are two types of Raman amplifier: distributed and distinct Raman amplifier. A distributed Raman amplifier is one in which the transmittal fibre is utilized as the addition medium by multiplexing a pump wavelength with signal wavelength, while a distinct Raman amplifier use a dedicated, shorter length of extremely nonlinear fibre to supply elaboration. The advantages of Raman amplifier are: Ultrawide bandwidth elaboration. Low noise. No particular fibre is required. Suppressed nonlinearities public presentation in transmittal systems. [ 4 ] The disadvantages of Raman Amplifier are: Relatively high pump power required. Double Rayleigh sprinkling noise and nonlinear effects when the addition of RA is increased.2.1.4 Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs )Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) is a combination of Raman optical amplifier and Erbium Doped fiber amplifier. So, in order to understand HFAs, the feature of Raman optical amplifier and Erbium Doped fiber amplifier is study individually. The characteristic that is being study include operation, advantage and disadvantage of the amplifiers as discuss in the paragraph above. The constellation of intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers is assuring for high capacity WDM transmittal. The amplifiers yield high-gain, low noise, and high end product power that via media for long distance transmittal. [ 5 ] Figure 2.3: Experimental constellations for the three types of individual pump, intercrossed Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) [ 6 ] Figure 2.3 shows assorted constellations of single-pump dispersion-compensating Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) . Type I: Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) recycling residuary Raman pump in a cascaded EDF subdivision located after a scattering compensatingfiber ( DCF ) . Type I showed a addition of 20.8 dubnium at 1556 nanometer. The minimal Noise Figure of Type I was about 7.5 dubniums. Type II: The difference between TypeII with Type Iis that the HFAs recycling residuary Raman pump in a cascaded EDF subdivision located prior to a DCF. The addition of Type II was 21 dubnium at 1556 nanometer. The minimal Noise Figure ofType II wasapproximately5 dubnium. Type Three: Raman assisted EDFA. The peak addition wavelength of TypeIIIwas found to be at 1532 nanometer and the addition was 19 dubnium. The minimal Noise Figure of Type III was about 8 dubnium. [ 8 ] Type II has the larger addition and smaller Noise Figure as comparison to Type I and Type III.Thus, the Type II circuit will be used for simulation in Optisystem package.2.2 Performance of optical amplifierIn the designation of the public presentation of an optical amplifier, some features have been defined. For illustration: addition, noise, optical signal/noise ratio ratio ( OSNR ) , bit error rate, and eye-pattern.2.2.1 AdditionGain is an of import parametric quantity in amplifiers that measures the elaboration per unit length of fibre. Additions are runing conditions and stuff used dependance. Difference wavelength has difference addition for all stuffs. For a low input powers, the end product power is relative to the addition times the length of fibre: Poutput = Pinput A- Gain A- Length. [ 7 ] The addition may saturate at high input powers. So, the end product power may merely increase in little fraction as input power addition. Basically the optical amplifier has run out of the power it needs to bring forth more end product.2.2.2 NoiseBy and large, optical amplifiers will add spontaneously emitted or scattered photons to the signal during the elaboration procedure, and this will do the signal/noise ratio ratio ( SNR ) degrade accordingly. A parameter Noise Figure ( NF ) , which is defined as the SNR ratio between input and end product quantify the SNR degradation.NF= SNRin / SNRout The self-generated emanation can be reduced by an optical filter during pattern. Therefore, the SNR by and large will be dependent on the bandwidth of the optical filters and the spectral power distribution of the self-generated emanation from the amplifier. The self-generated emanation, which is emitted from the amplifier input terminal, may come in the signal beginning ( a semiconducting material optical maser ) , where it can ensue in public presentation perturbations. Therefore, so as to avoid extra noise in the system, it is ever needed to include isolation between amplifier and light beginning.2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise RatioSignal-to-noise ratio can entree the public presentation of optical amplifiers, where it defines by the ratio of end product signal to the background noise. The higher the signal-to-noise ratio indicates the quality of the signal is higher. This means that the public presentation of the amplifier is good.2.2.4 Bit Error RateThe digital input and end product sign als are compared utilizing spot error rates ( or ratio ) measurings to measure what fraction of the spots are received falsely. Bit error rates offer a quantitative measuring of signal quality. The typical acceptable spot error rate is 10-9. [ 8 ]2.2.5 Eye-PatternThe other ways to measure rapidly the noise public presentation of an optically amplified system are through the usage of â€Å" oculus forms † displayed on the CRO. By the superposition of a random sequence of many 1s and 0 spot, such oculus forms are generated. This give a more qualitative position of the noise impressed on the digital transmittal form. [ 9 ] An illustration of oculus form is shown in Figure 2.4. The end product amplitude is the extremum to top out electromotive force output.Jitter is the divergence of the pulsations signal from their ideal places in clip, measured in picoseconds. Figure 2.4: Example of oculus form at receiving system [ 8 ]2.3 Optical fibreThere are two types of fibre, which is individual manner fibre ( SMF ) and multimode fibre ( MMF ) .Light travel in a consecutive line and typically has a nucleus size of 8 or 10 micrometers doing by a individual manner fibre that has a really little nucleus. It has unlimited bandwidth that can travel unrepeated for over 80 kilometers, depending on the type of conveying equipment. Single manner fibre has immense information capacity, more than multimode fibre. Multimode fibre supports multiple waies of visible radiation and has a much larger nucleus comparison to individual manner fibre. The nucleus size of multimode fibre is typically 50 or 62.5 micrometers. The light travels down a much larger way in multimode fibre, leting the visible radiation to travel down several waies or manners. Since individual manner fibre is used for long distance transmittal, it will be discuss in more inside informations in the undermentioned paragraph.2.3.1 Single Mode Fiber ( SMF )Light is non reflected or refracted within single-mode fibre, but travels merely along the axis of the nucleus as shown in Figure 2.5. Figure 2.5: Light Transmitted through Single-Mode Fiber [ 8 ] Modal scattering does non be in single-mode fibre since merely one manner is propagated. However, single-mode fibre is capable to other causes of pulse distributing such as chromatic scattering. [ 10 ]2.3.2 Chromatic DispersionChromatic scattering is the phenomenon wherein different spectral constituents of the familial lasersignal travel at different speeds in the fibre, geting at different times at the receiving system. It occurs because optical maser beginnings emit a scope of wavelengths: a primary individual wavelength and a narrow scope of secondary wavelengths on either side of this primary wavelength, as shown in Figure 2.6. The different wavelengths travel at somewhat different velocities through the fibre, and hence arrived at the receiving system at different times. This causes distributing, or scattering, of the standard pulsation. As the length of fibre additions, the difference in arrival times besides increases and the pulsations become wider. The end product pulses fi nally become identical from their neighbours and spot mistakes occur. Figure 2.6: Output Wavelengths of Laser Source [ 9 ] The bandwidth of a fibre decreases as chromatic scattering additions. Fewer spots can be transmitted in a given clip period because each spot will be wider and hence occupy a longer bit period. Chromatic scattering is the chief performance-limiting factor for single-mode fibre.2.3.3 Dispersion-compensating fibre ( DCF )By utilizing a really sophisticated fibre profile, it is possible to minimise scattering over the full wavelength scope from 1300 to 1550 nanometer, at the disbursal of really high loss ( around 2 dB/km ) ; this is known as scattering compensatingfiber. This fibre is designed with negative scattering features, so that when used in series with conventional fibre it will â€Å" undisperse † the signal. Dispersion-compensating fibre has a much narrower nucleus than standard single-mode fibre, which makes it susceptible to nonlinear effects. [ 11 ]2.3.4 Multimode Fiber vs. Single-mode FiberTable 2.0 shows a comparing of multimode fibre and single-mode fibre. Because of the many differences between them, these two types of fibre are by and large non interchangeable. Parameter Multimode Fiber ( MMF ) Single-Mode Fiber ( SMF ) Jacket Color Orange ( 62.5A µm ) or Grey ( 50A µm ) Yellow Light Propagation Multiple waies Single way Core Diameter 62.5 A µm or 50A µm ( older ) 9 A µm Link Length Short: & lt ; 1 kilometer Long: 10 kilometer to 100 kilometers Typical Wavelength of Transmitter 850 nanometer ( VSCEL ) 1310 nanometer ( FP ) or 1550 nanometer ( DFB ) Performance-Limiting Factor Modal scattering ( Chromatic scattering is undistinguished ) Chromatic scattering ( Modal scattering does non be ) Attenuation Approximate 3dB/km at 850 nanometers Approximate 0.4 dB/km at 1310 nanometer, 0.2 dB/km at 1550 nanometer Bandwidth Low High Sodium 0.28 0.13 Cost Cheaper More Expensive Table 2.1Multimode Fiber vs. Single-mode Fiber Single manner fibre will be used for this undertaking as the transmittal medium since it is used for long distance transmittal, typically 10 kilometers to 100 kilometers.Chapter 3MethodologyThis chapter is mentioned about the attack and method used to measure the public presentation of Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers.Content of this chapter include the method usage to roll up the informations, informations analysis and factor considered when taking the attack and method. Figure 3.1: Undertaking Flow Chart This undertaking starts with the rubric that is provided by the supervisor. The rubric of the undertaking is public presentation rating of Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers ( HFAs ) . By understanding the undertaking range and demands, a thorough reappraisal on specific subjects were done. Figure 3.1 below shows the undertaking block diagram that usage to measure the performanceof Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. The input to the HFAs is signal power and pump power. The public presentation of HFA is evaluated based on end product power, optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , and Bit Error Rate that can be obtained from the simulation consequence of Optical Spectrum Analyzer. The simulation procedure is repeateduntil the maximal end product power, maximal optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio is obtained and the Bit Error Rate is smaller than 10-9. The different value of input and end product value from simulation consequence will be tabular in tabular array and compared to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the intercrossed amplifiers. INPUT OUTPUT Figure 3.1: Undertaking block diagram There are different types of optical simulation package available in the market. For illustration: ModeSYS, OptSim, OptiSPICE, and Optisystem. OptiSystem is an advanced optical communicating system simulation bundle for the design, proving and optimisation of virtually any type of optical nexus in the physical bed of a wide spectrum of optical networks.The OptiSystem Component Library includes 100s of constituents that enable users to come in parametric quantities that can be measured from existent devices. Therefore, Optisystem package will be usage to imitate and measure the public presentation of the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. However, the execution of HFAs into Optisystem package will merely be start at PSM 2.Chapter 4PRELIMINARY RESULT4.1 DiscussionFrom through reading and research, the circuit that will be utilizing for the simulation is as in Figure 2.3, Type II of single-pump dispersion-compensating Hybrid Raman and Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ( HFAs ) . From Figure 2.3, the intercrossed amplifier recycling residuary Raman pump with a cascaded EDF subdivision located prior to a scattering compensatingfiber ( DCF ) . The Raman pump beginning consists of two optical maser rectifying tubes runing at 1455 nanometer and 1465 nanometer, severally. By uniting the two pump wavelengths with a inactive pump combiner, a entire power of up to 500mW was available. Since individual manner fibre is used for long distance transmittal, and the chromatic scattering is the chief performance-limiting factor for single-mode fibre. Therefore, a 12.6 kilometer DCF with 0.55 dB/km fading at a wavelength 1550 nanometer was used to counterbalance the fading. The 12.6 kilometers DCF with a group speed scattering of -98 ps/nm/km at 1550 nanometer can supply sufficient scattering for counterbalancing a 70 kilometer long individual manner fibre based transmittal span. By simulation, it is expected to acquire a addition of 21 dubnium and Noise Figure of 5 dubnium. 4.2 DecisionAt the terminal of the undertaking, it is expected to supply a design parametric quantity for maximal approachable transmittal distance utilizing the Hybrid Raman and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers. Some of the restraints that limit the maximal transmittal distance are pump power, signal power, type and length of fibre used. The public presentation of the HFAs will be evaluated based on the amplifier ‘s addition, Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio ( OSNR ) , Bit Error Rate ( BER ) and Noise Figure obtained from the simulation consequence. A addition of 21 dubnium, Noise Figure of 5 dubnium, and bit error rate less than 10-9 should be obtained in simulation consequence.

My Favourite Author †Ayn Rand Essay

â€Å"We are fast approaching the stage of the ultimate inversion: the stage where the government is free to do anything it pleases, while the citizens may act only by permission; which is the stage of the darkest periods of human history, the stage of rule by brute force.† Ayn Rand, who lived from 1905 to 1982, made this statement over 50 years ago; in 1961. One can only help but wonder if there’s a better way to describe the state of our country today; in 2013. There might be a lot of issues on which an intellectual mind may differ with Ayn Rand but on this particular statement, most would agree today. We might not already be there, in that stage; but we are fast approaching it. The stage where all the fundamental rights are reserved for the government, and whoever the government might decide to bestow them upon. The right to the freedom of speech seemed to be one of the first to be sacrificed followed by the right to equality before law. The others might just follow suit. This assertion is not based in vacuum but on the argument that how many people have suffered arrests and exile for executing their right to freedom of speech and how many people have faced the wrath of biased legal prosecution and persecution to satisfy the collective conscience of the society? Ayn Rand had, time and again, stressed on this very aspect of the course that we have been taking. Although her writings were based on American context, they can easily be seen to reflect the global society and also, specifically our Indian societal and administrative system. And that is why; Ayn Rand is my favourite author. For the ideas she propagated are universally applicable and are highly rational even though they have been widely criticised as impractical. And throughout her life she defended those ideas by her writings, by her life and by her conduct never compromising on her conviction. Her philosophy and school of thought came to be known as objectivism. It is based on the concept of objective reality that demands that ‘a man’s morality should not be based on faith, emotions or arbitrary whims but on reason and rationality that can be demonstrated when in question’. There are few things that can inspire a person throughout their life; Ayn Rand’s words have that potential. She inspired me.

The Art of Isolationism Essays - The Lady Of Shalott, Alfred

The Art of Isolationism Essays - The Lady Of Shalott, Alfred The Art of Isolationism The lone lady above the rest, in her tower, only sees shadows, but never sees reality. In Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Lady of Shalott, a theme that embowered the Lady of Shalott may represent an artist who is high above normal life. She is an imprisoned woman who acts as a symbol for the isolation experienced by the artist. The Lady of Shalott creates her own loneliness and imprisonment, which results in her being unable to deal with the outside world. Her perspective is corrupted when she looks and interacts with the real world, which is shown through the use of imagery, contrasting sound devices, and shifting moods. Lord Tennyson uses devices such as imagery to portray the Lady of Shalott as an artist who loses her abilities once she interacts with the normal world. He illustrates the seclusion by stating, Four Grey walls, and four grey towers overlook a space of flowers (lines 15-16). This shows that the Lady is significantly removed from the world in which she lives in, both geographically and emotionally. The cold, unambiguous imagery of the tower stands in stark contrast to the rich, organic descriptions of the world around it. This conveys that she represents an artists that only observes life from a far, and is shown through the use of imagery by Tennyson to show how she is so disconnected from the world and is only observing, never interacting. Tennyson conveys this message through the quote, There the river eddy whirls, and there the surly village-churls, and the red cloaks of market girls, pass onward from Shalott, (lines 51-54) by displaying that she just observes life as it happens. S he is merely someone who watches from above but may never interrelate with it, as an artist may paint or capture a moment by observing, but once tampered with it, becomes corrupted and not itself; thus showing that artist would destroy themselves by doing so. Lastly, through his use of repetition and imagery in She left the web, she left the loom...she looked down to Camelot. Out flew the web and floated wide; the mirror cracked from side to side The curse is come upon me, Tennyson showed that when the Lady stopped her work to intermingle with society, her web was destroyed (lines 109-115). This scene outlines an angle of artist isolationism by describing the tension between artistic dedication and social responsibility. The mirror represents the purity of her vision; through it all, it was perfect, but when she had looked out directly, her world had become damaged and the curse fell upon her, ending her life as a result. The Ladys loss of focus on her craft leads to her loss of per spective, and eventually causes the loss of her work entirely. Therefore, she is cursed for seeking recognition from the outside world. Tennyson also uses the device of contrasting sound devices to emphasize the theme and to be able to convey it clearly. He indicates, There she weaves by night and day a magic web with colours gay, (lines 37-38) to show that she is an artist who is devoted to her work and spends every bit of her time weaving in solitude. She is a representation of an artist whos forbidden from the humanity. Tennyson also displays through the quote, And moving through a mirror clear that hangs before her all the year, Shadows of the world appear there she sees the highway near, that the Lady is so disconnected from the world, that her perception of the world, the only one shell ever see, isnt even seen directly. (lines 46-49). Lastly he exhibits this theme by using the device of shifting moods. The quote, To weave the mirrors magic sights, for often through the silent nights, shows how the Lady of Shalott has a perception of the world, but not a real view of the view because of the style of her life (lines 46-50). As an artist, drawings are based off of perceptions and not reality, just how one sees it. Tennyson exemplifies the shifting moods by stating, Heard a carol, mournful holy chanted loudly, chanted lowly, till her blood was frozen slowly, and her eyes were darkened wholly,

5 Things You Need to Know About IEEE Referencing

5 Things You Need to Know About IEEE Referencing 5 Things You Need to Know About IEEE Referencing If you’re studying engineering, you will almost certainly need to use IEEE referencing at some point. But what exactly is this? And how do you use it in your own writing? Read on, and we’ll run you through all the basics of IEEE referencing and citations. 1. What Is IEEE Referencing? As the name suggests, IEEE referencing is the referencing system recommended by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. It is used in all of the IEEE’s own journals, but many colleges and schools that focus on engineering or computing subjects also use it. If you have an interest in these subjects, you may therefore need to understand IEEE referencing. 2. Basic IEEE Citations IEEE citations involve giving a number in square brackets within the text of your document, typically at the end of the sentence, when you want to cite a source. For example: The chance of killer robots conquering humanity is very high [1]. These numbered citations point to an entry in a reference list at the end of your document, where you should provide full source information. Sources are numbered in the order they are cited in your work, so the example above is a citation for the first source in the reference list. If you need to cite the same source more than once, moreover, simply use the same number as on the first citation. 3. Quoting Sources To quote a source in IEEE referencing, place the quoted text within quote marks and make sure to give a page number in the citation as well as a source number. For instance: The robots are said to â€Å"harbor a terrible thirst for vengeance† [2, p. 86]. Here, the citation shows that we’re quoting page 86 of the second source in the reference list. 4. Citations and Author Names When the author of a source is named in the text, give the citation immediately afterwards: Dr. Banks [3] believes that the robots will inevitably win. IEEE is also unusual in that you can use a citation in place of an author’s name. For example, here we use the citation number as if it were a pronoun: According to [3], the robots will inevitably win. 5. IEEE Reference Lists Finally, every source in your document must also appear in the reference list. This is where you give full publication information for everything you have cited. The rules here are as follows: Sources should be listed in the order they are first cited in your writing Titles of books and journals should be italicized and use title case capitalization (i.e., with the first letters of all major words, as well as the first word in titles and subtitles, capitalized) Titles of articles, book chapters, and other shorter documents should be placed in quotation marks and use sentence case capitalization (i.e., only capitalizing the first letter of the first words of title and subtitles, plus any proper nouns that would usually take a capital letter) Use a hanging indent (roughly a quarter inch) for each line after the first The exact format for an entry in an IEEE reference list depends on the source type. However, we’ll include the basic format for a book below to give you a sense of what an entry should look like: [#] INITIAL(S) Surname, Title. Place of publication: Publisher, year. In practice, then, you would list a book like this: [1] K. Capek, Why Killer Robots Will Consume Us All: An Optimistic Look at Future Engineering Challenges. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 2002.